Hello,
Followings are some snips from article on insulin resistance. Some
aspects are not clear or may be bit new understandings. Can you pls
clear these aspects? In inverted comas are snip from article and rest
my questions.
From;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_resistance
"Insulin resistance is the condition in which normal amounts of insulin
are inadequate to produce a normal insulin response from fat, muscle
and liver cells. Insulin resistance in fat cells results in hydrolysis
of stored triglycerides, which elevates free fatty acids in the blood
plasma. Insulin resistance in muscle reduces glucose uptake whereas
insulin resistance in liver reduces glucose storage, with both effects
serving to elevate blood glucose. "
What does these mean; normal insulin response to fat & liver cells AND
Insulin resistance in liver reduces glucose storage AND "Insulin
resistance in fat cells results in hydrolysis of stored triglycerides,
with both effects serving to elevate blood glucose? Whether IR effects
fat and glucose storages?
"Diabetes Mellitus: Its differentiation into insulin sensitive and
insulin insensitive types." He found that those with diabetes can be
differentiated into two types: those in whom injected insulin produces
an immediate suppression of hyperglycemia; and those in whom the
insulin has little or no effect. Hyperglycemia itself can lead to
insulin resistance, but N-acetylcysteine and taurine can prevent this
effect."
What does it mean; Hyperglycemia itself can lead to insulin resistance,
but N-acetylcysteine and taurine can prevent this effect?
"Insulin resistance denotes decreased sensitivity of target cells
(muscle, adipose and hepatic cells) to insulin. The very common
"metabolic syndrome" is the concomitant appearance of diabetes mellitus
(type 2), hypertension, combined hyperlipidemia and central obesity. "
Can some disorderes related to metabolic syndromes be due to more than
normal insulin secretion or addition?
"In some patients with excess body fat, compensatory hyperinsulinemia
reduces the expression of the membrane insulin receptor (down
regulation) which maintains the maximal response. More importantly,
defects in processes within the cell itself (also called post-receptor
defects) appear to play a much larger role in the development of
insulin resistance. A relationship between leptin resistance and
insulin resistance has been suggested."
Can compensatory hyperinsulinemia be a reson to getting insulin
resistance?
"In some individuals, frank hyperglycemia develops as pancreatic
β-cells are unable to produce adequate insulin to maintain normal
blood sugar levels ("euglycemia"). The inability of the β-cells to
produce more insulin in a condition of hyperinsulinemia is what
characterizes the transition from insulin resistance to type 2
diabetes."
Pls tell me more about frank hyperglycemia and not frank?
"Various disease states make the body tissues more resistant to the
actions of insulin. Examples include infection (TNFα) and acidosis.
Recent research involves the relative roles of adipokines (the
cytokines produced by adipose tissue). Certain drugs may also be
associated with insulin resistance (e.g., glucocorticoids)."
As such, can acidosis and cortisol secretion(stress oriented) be
persistent in diabetic type2 due to hyperglycemia by overeating?
"Causes of insulin resistance
The cause of the vast majority of cases of insulin resistance remains
unknown."
How can we sure and treat in this view?
"Several associated conditions include
Abnormally Sedentary Lifestyle, whether the result of the effects of
aging on the body or lack of physical exercise (both of which can also
produce obesity) "
It is bit indicative that excercising muscle may need lesser insulin
for glucose uptake. Can it be a reason to hyperglycemia due to living
Abnormally Sedentary Lifestyle?
"Haemochromatosis
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) "
Can it be aquired iron overload instead of genetic Haemochromatosis?
Can hyperglycemia mediate iron overload( by acidosis or increased
gastric acidity)?
"Hypercortisolism (e.g. steroid use or Cushing’s disease)"
Can it be stress or stress hormone’s related?
"Drugs (e.g. rifampicin, isoniazid, olanzapine, risperidone,
progestogens, many antiretrovirals, possibly alcohol) "
Can these increase gastric acidity and mediate via it?
"Therapy
The primary treatment for insulin resistance is exercise and weight
loss. In some individuals, a low glycemic index diet may also help."
Can low glycemic index diet help?
" Both metformin and the thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance,
but are only approved therapies for type 2 diabetes, not insulin
resistance, per se. By contrast, growth hormone replacement therapy may
be associated with increased insulin resistance."
What is this?
"The Diabetes Prevention Program showed that exercise and diet were
nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of
progressing to type 2 diabetes."
Is it true to chronic diabetics2 but still insulin resistant?
"Monounsaturated fatty acids (like unsaturated fats) promote insulin
resistance, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids can increase insulin
sensitivity."
Is it true?
Sorry many questions but all are important and relevant. You may reply
few.
Best wishes.